Physical and mechanical factors which influence the body are gravity, pressure, weight, inertia, compression, elasticity, leverage, movement, stretch, expansion, and contraction. These physical forces work constantly and continuously through out life. Correct posture is a balanced configuration of the body with gravity. (Ward, p). The proper alignment of the feet with the lower limbs and in turn with the pelvis will influence the curves of the spine and head carriage. In the upright position the foot is the primary base of support. Human locomotion is thus dependent upon the architecture of the feet.
Prof. Rothbart has also identified that cranial distortion can cause a torsional strain in the dura mater and affect the posture from above down.
The perfect distribution of body mass in relation to the centre of gravity involves complex neural mechanisms as the afferent flow from the muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints into the spinal cord and to the higher centres of the nervous system and again the efferent flow from these centres back to the antigravity muscles is very complex and often overlooked. These neural mechanisms do not only influence the posture dynamics but also the wellbeing of the whole organism via homoeostatic mechanisms.
Correct posture only requires minimal muscular expenditure but poor posture leads to muscle fatigue and circulatory congestion. Poor posture then leads to a cycle of increased muscle expenditure, fatigue and poor posture.
Posture does not only influence the neural and musculoskeletal systems, it also involves through gravitational and spinal reflex mechanisms the circulatory and visceral mechanisms. Excessive fatigue of the neuromuscular circuit impulses necessary to maintain the upright position eventually leads to nerve tire.
Therefore, the complex mechanisms involved in correct/optimal posture begin with the proper architecture of the foot. According to Prof. Brian Rothbart, podiatric orthopaedist, 80% of the population has suboptimal foot architecture with the 1st ray found in flexion and shorter than the 2nd toe. This architecture causes over pronation of the foot and strain on the arch of the foot. In sub clinical flat foot deformities, the correction of the foot using functional or proprioceptive insoles is the better way to correct the posture, not by supporting the arch which weakens the muscles of the leg and foot.
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